I’ve been binging a video game called Bannerlord lately, which contains taverns featuring real historical board games. The game I've played the most is Tablut. It’s like Checkers, but instead of jumping over enemies, you capture a piece by surrounding it on two opposite sides. The result resembles an asymmetrical Go, with one side protecting a precious Chess-like King.
Tablut is a version of the Viking game Hnefatafl, which became popular throughout Europe as Norse influence overtook Roman in the 4th and 5th centuries. (The Discworld game Thud is a variant of Hnefatafl.)
Hnefatafl is based on an older Roman game, Ludus Latrunculorum or The Game of Robbers. Ludus Latrunculorum uses the same opposite-surrounding capture mechanic, but lacks the all-important King.
Ludus Latrunculorum was itself based on a similar abstract grid game from Greece, Petteia. In The Republic, Plato taunts Socrates' opponents, calling them "bad Petteia players, who are finally cornered and made unable to move."
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