January 2025: "C" Change is Here! |
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January 2025: C Change is Here!
Welcome back to C Change and Happy New Year!
Here are this month’s topics:
1.The Massachusetts Plastic Reduction Act sets a strong example by reducing plastic waste through bans on single-use plastic bags, restrictions on distributing plastic straws and utensils, and fees for paper bags, encouraging similar legislative action in other regions.
2.The global plastic crisis, exacerbating environmental, health, and social issues, demands urgent action through innovative solutions, sustainable practices, and coordinated efforts to protect our planet and future generations.
3.The winter season brings about a lot of change in nature. Many animals hibernate or migrate to warmer climates and many trees lose their leaves, giving the illusion that nature is sleeping during this time. It can be difficult to connect with nature while it is ‘sleeping,’ so how can you enhance this connection during the winter season?
4.Microplastics, pervasive in our environment and bodies due to widespread plastic use and inadequate recycling, pose significant health risks—especially to children—by disrupting development, increasing susceptibility to diseases, and perpetuating social and economic inequities.
5.Climate change has exacerbated the accumulation of Sargassum seaweed along the tropical coasts of the U.S., Central America, and South America, which poses health risks, especially for young children, due to the presence of pathogenic Vibrio bacteria.
6. Biomimicry uses solutions found in nature to inspire human innovations, seen with cars and airplanes, which are designed to mimic the functionality and efficiency found throughout nature.
By appreciating both the challenges and potential opportunities to preserve our planet, we will be better prepared to take action and make a difference. Earth is our only home; it’d be best that we do all we can to make sure it stays our home, for ourselves now and for future generations of all life.
Sustainably,
Isabella Sollazzo
Newsletter Department Manager
Eric Magers
Executive Director
Autumn Marsh
Climate Action Fellow
Soham Arekar
Climate Action Fellow
Sources Cited:
1. Massachusetts Senate Acts to Ban Plastic Bags, Reduce Straw and Plasticware Usage, Boost Recycling and Composting. (n.d.). https://malegislature.gov/Pres...
2. PBS News. (2019). The Plastic Problem. Retrieved from https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/the-plastic-problem
3. Bratman, G. N., Hamilton, J. P., & Daily, G. C. (2012). The impacts of nature experience on human cognitive function and mental health. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1249(1), 118-136. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06400.x
4. Association of American Medical Colleges. (n.d.). Microplastics are inside us all. What does this mean for our health?Retrieved December 29, 2024, from https://www.aamc.org/news/microplastics-are-inside-us-all-what-does-mean-our-health
5. Adderley, Aaliyah, et al. “Sargassum Sp. as a Biofertilizer: Is It Really a Key towards Sustainable Agriculture for the Bahamas? - Bulletin of the National Research Centre.” SpringerOpen, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 21 July 2023, bnrc.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s42269-023-01087-w.
6. Biomimicry Institute. (2024, September 17). What is biomimicry - The Biomimicry Institute. The Biomimicry Institute. https://biomimicry.org/inspiration/what-is-biomimicry/
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Janurary Highlights |
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What We Read (and Learned!) This Month |
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How Massachusetts' Plastic Reduction Act Sets a Precedent for Environmental Action |
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By Erin Figueroa |
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In the morning, you go out to get a cup of coffee because there is no time to make it at home. Maybe you forgot your reusable coffee mug, or maybe you don’t use one at all. You contribute to the more than 8,000 plastic cups and plastic-lined paper cups Starbucks uses every minute.
Later in the day, you go to the store for groceries. You forget the reusable bags in the car, or perhaps you don’t even use them. At checkout, when you can’t carry everything on your own, you resort to using a plastic bag that contributes to the more than one million bags used every minute.
These everyday habits may seem harmless, but they feed into a growing environmental crisis. That’s why the Massachusetts Plastic Reduction Act, passed in June 2024, is a game-changer for our planet.
What is the Massachusetts Plastic Reduction Act?
This pivotal legislation aims to take on the plastic waste problem at its source, focusing on a few major components that model how to manage plastic waste nationwide. These components include:
Bans on single-use plastic bags.
Restrictions on automatic distribution of plastic utensils and straws.
Implementation of paper bag fees to encourage reusables.
Encouragement of composting organic food waste
Advocacy efforts from environmental groups and lawmakers have worked together to enact change that can protect future generations, the health of our communities, and hold businesses accountable.
Massachusetts is part of a larger movement to address plastic pollution. Communities like Radnor Township in Pennsylvania have also implemented bans on single-use plastic bags, proving that change doesn’t have to start at the state level. Local actions like this showcases how smaller municipalities can lead the way in sustainability and inspire larger-scale efforts.
An Act such as the one Massachusetts passed results in many environmental benefits such as reduced litter and lower reliance on fossil fuels for plastic production. It was time to change their contribution to the global crisis. If this serves as any example, it is that advocating for bills like this to pass is achievable.
As proven, the potential impact of laws like the Massachusetts Plastic Reduction Act is enormous. They reduce litter, lower reliance on fossil fuels, and set the stage for a zero-waste future. Such initiatives create a ripple effect of environmental progress. Other state-level policies that are gaining traction and success address plastic waste and extended producer responsibility (EPR), which holds consumers accountable for the life cycle of the products they use.
How Can You Advocate for Change? The success of Massachusetts can serve as a blueprint for action in your own community. Here’s how you can help:
Start Local: Advocate for bans on single-use plastics in your town or city.
Engage Lawmakers: Write to your representatives and support legislation like the Plastic Reduction Act.
Be a Role Model: Show others how easy it is to reduce reliance on single-use plastics through small, daily changes.
Yes, we can use recent environmental policy developments as a foundation. As Massachusetts’ efforts extend beyond this Act, initiatives like composting programs and stricter recycling laws complement the goal of a zero-waste future. As more states look to Massachusetts as an example, we’re moving closer to a nationwide movement against plastic waste. We all need to take action because it does make a difference.
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The Dual Challenge of Plastic and Water |
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By James Lam |
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The Scale of the Plastic
The global reliance on plastic has reached critical levels, with over 9 billion metric tons produced since 1945. Nearly all the plastic created since then still exists in some form, as the plastic persists in landfills, oceans, and ecosystems due to its resistance to biodegradability. If these trends continue, the weight of plastic in waterways will surpass that of fish by 2050.
Another issue is that most of the world’s plastic waste is exported to developing nations where there are poor waste management systems. In 2018, China had banned any type of imported plastic waste with a contaminant level above 0.05%. Since China’s plastic waste import ban in 2018, countries like Malaysia have become beacons of illegal plastic waste shipments. This illegal and messy plastic shipment has had ripple effects, contributing to environmental struggles, degradation, and destruction.
The Plastic in the Water
Increased usage of plastics has led to infiltration of water systems, an alarming consequence of the plastic crisis. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a commonly used material in plastic bottles, is known to leach over 150 chemicals into water, including endocrine disruptors and carcinogens like BPA and antimony. These chemicals have significant health implications, such as increased cancer risk and reproductive issues.
Microplastics, formed from the breakdown of larger plastics, are another concern. Recent research has detected rising levels in human blood, lungs, placentas, and breast milk. Additional research has suggested that microplastics can impair organ function and cause inflammation.
Plastic bottles, often regarded as a cleaner alternative to tap water, are not safe from these plights. Plastic water bottles are expensive, costing $7-$8 per gallon compared to $0.002-$0.008 per gallon for tap water. Additionally, bottled water is less rigorously tested, allowing more contaminants to be present in the bottle. In fact, some bottled water is simply untreated tap water poured into plastic.
Solutions for a Sustainable Future
The challenges of plastic and water pollution require extensive, innovative, and sustainable approaches. One option that experts recommend is shifting to filtered tap water over bottled water for clean drinking water. Household water filter systems certified to the NSF/ANSI Standard 53 effectively remove lead and other contaminants. These systems are cost-effective, ranging from $10 to $300, and they eliminate the environmental harm caused by single-use plastic.
Infrastructure improvements are also crucial. Replacing lead pipes with non-toxic, sustainable materials such as recycled copper is a more durable, safe alternative to plastic. Copper does not leach harmful chemicals into the water and has a much longer lifespan than its plastic counterparts.
In communities, initiatives created by the people have helped pave the way for change. Large cities like Seattle have implemented extensive precautions and restrictions on single-use plastics while also researching solutions such as bacteria that digest plastic.
The Harsh Cost of Plastics
Plastic’s impact extends beyond its immediate danger to the environment. Plastic production relies heavily on fossil fuels, which are a main contributor to climate change. The extraction, refining, and manufacturing of plastics release harmful pollutants that seep into the soil, water, and air. These contaminants disproportionately affect low-income and marginalized communities who are most harshly affected by production pollution.
Disposal of plastics is another challenge to tackle. Most plastic waste ends up in landfills, incinerators, or illegal dumping sites. In their wake, plastics release methane and other greenhouse gases, and even incineration produces air pollutants that harm nearby cities and communities. In reality, only 9% of plastic is recycled globally each year.
Action Against the Plastic
The linked problem of plastic and water pollution demands urgent action from higher authorities such as industries and governments, but also from individuals. The implementation of banning single-use plastics and improving waste management systems are crucial steps toward a more sustainable future. We must also ensure access to clean, safe drinking water, which requires long term investments in infrastructure and a commitment to protecting public health.
With the help of coordinated efforts and innovative solutions, the possibility of tackling these challenges and paving the way for a healthier planet is high. The choices we make today, whether it be using a water filter instead of plastic bottles, will determine the legacy we leave for future generations.
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Winter Wonders: Finding Connections with Nature in the Winter |
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By Abby Frey |
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The winter season brings about a lot of change in nature. Many animals hibernate or migrate to warmer climates and many trees lose their leaves, giving the illusion that nature is sleeping during this time. It can be difficult to connect with nature while it is ‘sleeping,’ especially when winter temperatures are low and winter winds rage strong. Winter days are shorter with earlier sunsets between the evening hours of four or five. These factors contribute to the disconnect many people experience from nature during this time of year. This disconnect may contribute to the development of Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), which is a type of depression that is defined by seasonal patterns. People with SAD may experience feelings of hopelessness or emptiness, fatigue, physical aches, headaches, and more. Specifically during the winter seasons, people with SAD often mirror the ‘hibernation’ behaviors of many animals through oversleeping, overeating, and withdrawing from social activity. ‘Holiday blues’ are also common during the winter months and often result from anxiety related to family visits, changing school or work schedules, and other stresses specific to this time of the year.
Whether you are experiencing symptoms from seasonally-driven disorders like SAD, periods of stress-inducing ‘holiday blues,’ or a general lack of motivation, it is important to learn how you can foster a connection with nature during the winter months. Research has consistently demonstrated nature's ability to improve psychological well-being, so how can you enhance this connection during the winter season? Scientists at The University of Manchester recommend that just 10-15 minutes spent outside each day can reap health benefits, even in the winter. Many people enjoy going outside to enjoy the winter weather by skiing, ice skating, or building a snowman. If you are looking for less energy-demanding ways to connect with nature this winter, try putting a bird feeder outside a window and keeping notes on what birds visit. You can also try going on a short nature walk and looking for animal footprints in the snow, sand, or dirt. Connections to nature do not have to happen outside; there are other ways that can occur from the warmth of your home. There are many nature documentaries that show the wonders of nature, including some that focus on the winter season and winter wildlife. Click here to access a list of IMDb’s Best BBC Wildlife and Nature Documentaries that you can enjoy this winter. Many people already connect with nature during the holiday season by bringing a live tree, fresh garlands, or wreaths into their homes, which is a great way to bring the wonderful smells of nature into your home. There are many nature-related crafts that can foster your creativity and your connection to nature at the same time. Nature Crafts for Kids has inspiration on their website to encourage crafting with natural materials. This winter, feel empowered to explore new ways to connect with nature and encourage those around you to do the same – you just might love it!
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Harmful Effects of Microplastics for Children |
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By Isabella Sollazzo |
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Plastic usage has become deeply ingrained in our everyday lives, from plastic bags and cutting boards to single-use drink containers, straws, and much more. These larger plastic items break down into smaller fragments, known as microplastics or nanoplastics, which can be as small as a grain of sand. These particles have infiltrated the air we breathe, the water we drink, the food we consume, and even our blood. Though scientists have only recently begun to explore the harmful effects of microplastics on human health, they have already identified several concerning links. Evidence suggests that microplastics increase susceptibility to heart and kidney diseases, Alzheimer’s, cancers, and fertility issues. While microplastics threaten human health at all ages, children are particularly vulnerable due to their formative growth stages.
Microplastics have been detected in almost every part of the human body—from the brain and lungs to tissues—and research shows that 80% of humans have microplastics in their blood, a figure experts believe is steadily increasing. Alarmingly, this means nearly every child born today is exposed to microplastics during prenatal development through their mother’s bloodstream. Compounding this issue, common chemicals found in plastics, such as Bisphenol A (BPA), phthalates, and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), are resistant to degradation, persisting in microplastics indefinitely. These chemicals are known endocrine disruptors, interfering with hormone production responsible for growth, metabolism, mood, and reproduction.
A growing body of research has begun to explore the specific effects of microplastics on infant development. Phthalates, which are used to make plastics more flexible and durable, are found in everyday items such as cosmetics, food packaging, and vinyl flooring. Studies have linked higher prenatal exposure to phthalates with delayed cognitive and motor development in preschool-aged children, impairments in language skills, attention deficits, and working memory challenges. Similarly, research involving both human and animal models connects early BPA exposure to memory and cognitive deficits, emotional difficulties, and hyperactivity. National health data further underscore these findings, revealing year-over-year increases in diagnoses of attention deficit disorders, including ADD and ADHD.
These findings manifest in a range of challenges throughout a child's life. Children born today are increasingly likely to struggle academically, leading to lower self-confidence and reduced access to higher education opportunities. Social relationships may become strained due to difficulties in communication, understanding social cues, impulsivity, and low self-esteem. These factors heighten the risk of bullying, anxiety, and depression. As these children transition into adulthood, they may face inhibited job performance, employment instability, and financial stress. Such challenges contribute to worsening health inequities and generational consequences, perpetuating a cycle of harm that affects not just individuals but entire communities.
While individual efforts to reduce plastic use are important, the reality is that global plastic consumption continues to rise, driven largely by industrial manufacturing. Recycling remains inadequate, and even if plastic use ceased entirely today, the microplastic particles already present would linger in the environment for generations. However, this does not mean we are powerless to act. To address the predicted rise in learning and developmental challenges among youth, society must prioritize inclusivity and adaptability. Schools and workplaces can adopt more flexible, individualized approaches to learning and productivity, ensuring that those who process information differently or face attention challenges have equal opportunities to thrive. This could include integrating assistive technologies, offering diverse teaching strategies, and fostering environments that embrace neurodiversity as a strength rather than a limitation. Community-wide efforts to reduce stigma around behavioral and learning differences will also be critical in creating a supportive culture.
On an individual level, reducing personal exposure to microplastics remains a tangible step. Avoiding single-use plastics, choosing glass or stainless-steel containers over plastic ones, and steering clear of processed or packaged foods can help limit intake. Advocacy for stronger regulations on plastic production and enhanced recycling systems is equally essential in tackling the issue at its source.
Though the challenges may seem daunting, these steps represent a hopeful path forward. By reducing plastic usage, advocating for systemic change, and fostering inclusivity for future generations, we can work toward mitigating the long-term impacts of microplastic pollution while building a society that is more resilient and equitable.
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How Stranded Sargassum Affects Human Health and Beach Ecosystems |
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By Allison Plante |
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Along the Southeastern coast of Florida down to the Brazilian coastline, the annual accumulation of floating seaweed in the shallow tropical waters and along the shoreline is a familiar sight for the beaches of this region. This mass of brown seaweed that washes up on the tropical shores is largely composed of a macroalgae called Sargassum. A majority of the Sargassum bloom originates from a region of the Atlantic Ocean between South America and Africa called “The Great Atlantic Sargassum Belt”. Within this oceanic belt, warm sea surface temperatures and calm conditions provide an ideal environment for macroalgae growth. During the summer months from July through September, these conditions are amplified, resulting in a denser and more abundant algal bloom. Over time, with climate change increasing overall ocean temperatures and nutrient loads, the Sargassum bloom will continue to grow larger and more frequent in the region.
With larger amounts of Sargassum forming and more frequent oceanic storm currents causing the algae to wash up along shorelines, there is a growing concern for the health and safety of not only the beaches but also the nearby human populations. The microbial composition of stranded and pelagic (growing in open ocean) Sargassum is a major factor in this concern as more pathogenic Vibrio species, including Vibrio parahaemolyticus, have been found within macroalgae samples. This bacterium can cause gastrointestinal illnesses and is most commonly transmitted through direct ingestion or open wound exposure. Illness due to contact with this bacterium poses a high risk for younger children who may be inclined to play with stranded Sargassum on beaches. Multiple studies conducted at The University of Miami (Shibata et al., 2012) & (Lutes et al., 2024), produced a Quantitative Microbial Risk Analysis (QMRA) to evaluate Vibrio vulnerabilities within human and ecosystem health. The study emphasizes young children (ages 3-7) with pica eating disorders, where pica behaviors include consuming non-nutritional items such as sand, dirt, seaweed, etc. These children, playing in stranded Sargassum on the beaches, are at the highest risk for bacterial illness. According to these studies and the U.S. EPA (2011), children (ages 3-7) with pica disorder have an estimated ingestion rate up to 5 grams of Sargassum per event of consumption, compared to about 0.06 grams for children of the same age group without these behaviors. The overall risk of illness for the pica study group is about 22 times greater than the compared non-pica group for short-time stranded Sargassum contact (62% and 2.8% risk respectively). This presents a significant concern for families regularly visiting beaches which are experiencing an abundance of onshore macro-algae (Lutes et al., 2024). Any parents with children experiencing a pica disorder should be diligent in avoiding freshly stranded Sargassum.
Regarding the overall environmental health effects related to the increase of pathogenic microbial communities within Sargassum, current conditions will enhance the microbial growth rate and negatively interact with natural growth processes. As the water temperatures continue to rise and the discharge of nutrients and bacteria into ocean systems persists, the probability of illness also increases. Climate change effects such as warming waters, melting of ice caps, and the lack of oceanic mixing, result in an imbalance between dissolved organic carbon (DOC) levels and the demand of DOC from aquatic vegetation. Vibrio can consume 20-70% of DOC released by brown algae and outcompete other bacteria for DOC due to its fast-doubling rate and its lows sensitivity to iron and solar radiation (Michotey et al., 2020). This creates overall preferable conditions for V. parahaemolyticus to thrive within macro-algal blooms.
In conclusion, maintaining pelagic Sargassum species under culture conditions has proven to be a challenge, especially with a changing climate. There are known risks, especially for young children, for gastrointestinal illness due to Vibrio species in Sargassum, including but not limited to Vibrio parahaemolyticus. In terms of environmental engineering remediation, in-situ methods may be the best alternative. Sargassum microbial treatment for intended biofertilizer reuse is also applicable as an agricultural and environmental advancement method. Further research and QMRA is needed in this topic as conditions may fluctuate.
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Sources:
Adderley, Aaliyah, et al. “Sargassum Sp. as a Biofertilizer: Is It Really a Key towards Sustainable Agriculture for the Bahamas? - Bulletin of the National Research Centre.” SpringerOpen, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 21 July 2023, bnrc.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s42269-023-01087-w.
Gerba, Charles P. “Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment.” Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics, Science Direct, Academic Press, 2015, www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/quantitative-microbial-risk-assessment.
Guo , Yuexia, et al. “Unveiling the Global Dynamics of Dissolved Organic Carbon in Aquatic Ecosystems: Climatic and Anthropogenic Impact, and Future Predictions.” Science of The Total Environment, Elsevier, 17 Dec. 2024, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969724082676.
Lutes, Morgan, et al. “Stranding Sargassum.” University of Miami, Nov. 2024, Accessed 16 Dec. 2024.
Marsh, Robert, et al. “(PDF) Climate-Sargassum Interactions across Scales in The ...” Climate-Sargassum Interactions across Scales in the Tropical Atlantic, PLOS Climate, ResearchGate, July 2023, www.researchgate.net/publication/372478166_Climate-sargassum_interactions_across_scales_in_the_tropical_Atlantic.
Michotey, Valérie, et al. “In Situ Observations and Modelling Revealed Environmental Factors Favouring Occurrence of Vibrio in Microbiome of the Pelagic Sargassum Responsible for Strandings.” Science of The Total Environment, Elsevier, 29 July 2020, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969720347458.
Olson, Emily. “Meet the Sargassum Belt, a 5,000-Mile-Long Snake of Seaweed Circling Florida.” NPR, NPR, 15 Mar. 2023, www.npr.org/2023/03/15/1163385168/sargassum-seaweed-florida-mexico-beaches.
Rezny, Benjamin R. “Vibrio Parahaemolyticus Infection.” StatPearls [Internet]., U.S. National Library of Medicine, 26 June 2023, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459164/.
Shibata, Tomoyuki, and Helena Solo-Gabriele. “Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment of Human Illness from Exposure to Marine Beach Sand.” Environmental Science & Technology, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 20 Jan. 2012, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22296573/.
Qin , Zhirui, et al. “Vertical and Seasonal Dynamics of Bacterial Pathogenic Communities at an Aged Organic Contaminated Site: Insights into Microbial Diversity, Composition, Interactions, and Assembly Processes.” Journal of Hazardous Materials, Elsevier, 9 Aug. 2023, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304389423015388
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Biomimicry in Society: Nature Used Throughout Life |
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By Snigdha Gurram |
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The world is ever evolving, whether through the natural environment or manmade innovations. Humans take inspiration from each other, but they are more significantly influenced by nature. Biomimicry is the practice of learning and mimicking the way living organisms, outside of humans, solve problems that are similar to ones faced in society. The earliest known biomimicry is Leonardo Da Vinci, where he observed the anatomy and flight of birds to sketch a “flying machine”. This later inspired the Wright brothers to successfully build a working airplane. The first informal biomimicry use, however, was the Chinese invention of the umbrella in 1700 by Lu Ban, who was inspired by kids using lotus leaves to hide from the rain. There are many more examples of biomimicry in society. Helicopters are inspired by the wings rotation of hummingbirds, Velcro by cockleburr getting stuck on fabric/animal fur, and Shinkansen bullet trains in Japan resembling the aerodynamic kingfisher bird.
The 2022 United States census identified 254.5 million drivers. Many higher end vehicles are modeled from animals- The Corvette Stingray was inspired by a Mako shark. The vehicle went through three design phases, each of which contributed to the current design. Mercedes Benz also created a marine based design which was revealed as the Bionic in 2005. It was inspired by a boxfish, however it never made it to market. Frank Stephenson designed several animal inspired cars, including the McLaren which was modeled from cheetahs and the Mini Cooper which took inspiration from the British bulldog.
Biomimicry is used in extremely important fields like medicine and the U.S. military. The U.S. Naval uses biomimicry in the GhostSwimmer, a drone that’s used underwater, to mimic the flexibility of shark skin, allowing the drone to look and swim like a surface shark. The Navy also has a possibility to launch torpedoes to look and act like sea urchins, starfish, and other invertebrates. They can be fitted with artificial squid skin that was made in 2015. The small autonomous vehicles made of biomimetic flexible shark skin, that have existed for about seven years, look like a school of fish and can also have adhesive that mimics octopus suckers, allowing the vessels to stick to enemy ships and use for the U.S. Navy’s advantage.
Biomimicry is seen in a variety of forms globally. It is used to help societies grow and work towards solving problems mimicking solutions found in nature. Nature is the inspiration for the development and designs of objects that have been or are being created for the ever growing world we live in.
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Sources:
Biomimicry Institute. (2024, September 17). What is biomimicry - The Biomimicry Institute. The Biomimicry Institute. https://biomimicry.org/inspira...
Calabria, M. F. (2021, June 14). Move Like a Shark, Vanish Like a Squid. U.S. Naval Institute. https://www.usni.org/magazines...
Daynes, A. (2023, August 30). The Complete History of Biomimicry (with Examples). www.learnbiomimicry.com. https://www.learnbiomimicry.co...
Foundation for Traffic Safety. (2023). American Driving Survey: 2022. https://aaafoundation.org/wp-c...
Insider Cars. (2021, October 20). How Nature Inspired The Design Of The McLaren P1 And Mini Cooper | Carsplainers. Www.youtube.com. https://www.youtube.com/watch?...
Tucker, S. (2022, November 3). Americans Keep Buying More Luxury Cars. Kelley Blue Book. https://www.kbb.com/car-news/a...
Ward, L. K. (2016, July 29). These Sleek, Sexy Cars Were All Inspired By Fish. Smithsonian; Smithsonian.com. https://www.smithsonianmag.com...
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