Hi,
I keenly wake early most days ready to listen to the latest news. But, day after day, it seems like a repeat, full of bad, difficult and sad news, whether it be about personal, collective, societal, national or global bad. There was about the murder of yet another black man in the U.S. by police, follow-up on three mass murders of Asian Americans, weird weather in the Vancouver area with well below normal temperatures and snow, giant floods in New Zealand, a day of commemoration of the anti-science and anti-public health protests in Ottawa a year ago, skyrocketing though now declining cases of Covid-19 in China, murders of journalists in Mexico and human rights defenders in Honduras, murders in Israel, and the human rights crimes committed by Russia and its proxy army in Ukraine, which interestingly enough is named after Hitler’s favourite musician.
How is it that governments, multilateral organizations, businesses, NGOs and all of us can’t do more to protect the rights of fellow humans, create peace and protect Earth from continued abuse. It seems, though, that the quest for treasure runs rampant and still trumps all. There is such a need to balance human aspirations with the planet’s ability to sustain them.
By ignoring, placing to the side concerns for human rights and Earth's wellness, too many governments and people are still not taking the climate and biodiversity crises seriously. Soon, sometime this year, we will be coming out of a La Niña Pacific ocean event, which works to lower the average global temperature and cool the atmosphere, which of course is not happening and hasn’t been happening for far too many decades. Cooling for sure would be happening if it weren't for the 50 billion tons of CO2e that we loft into the atmosphere each year. How much more warning do we need - after year after year of record heating?
Following La Niña we will then head into an El Niño period which is well known to increase atmospheric temperatures and climate anomalies. This time, though, it is most likely to be super serious, setting more records. Predictions for our coming year are not good. But have you heard any authority making plans for a possible rise of temperature exceeding the 1.5C tipping point, which of course has already been reached in some locations including the Arctic and the Middle East?
I hate to think what my radio news is going to bring me later this year. As bad as it is today, worse is on the horizon. And we know the cause: the unremitting and growing extraction of oil and gas from Earth’s crust. We must ASAP move away from all fossil fuels; and not fall for the greenwashed and nature rinsed stories constantly bombarding us from fossil fuel companies. Why do they consciously strive to deteriorate the only planet we have? Let’s hope too that another morsel of sanity will prevail and Russia ends its pointless war on the citizens and country of Ukraine, which is such a giant distraction, disruptor and money siphon from all other problems and serves to further build the military industrial complex. Oil and gas figure prominently in this too.
I hope you’ll enjoy today’s Planetary Health Weekly (#5 already of 2023), in its new and evolving format.
Best, david
David Zakus, Editor and Publisher
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NEAR CORONATION PARK ON LAKE ONTARIO |
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IN COMPLETE SOLIDARITY WITH UKRAINE SEEKING PEACE AND VICTORY |
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Y. Drogobych was the first Ukrainian doctor of philosophy and medicine. In 1481 he was elected rector of Bologna University; in 1488 professor of Cracow University. He was one of the teachers of Copernicus. His educational activity was highly esteemed in Europe. Artist: V. Gordeychuk. From: "The Way (Ukrainian) Artists See It" (1994) by A. Grando, founder and director of the Central Museum of Medicine of Ukraine in Kyiv. Pg 60. ISBN
5-7707-6698-0
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AND WITH THE BRAVE PROTESTERS IN IRAN |
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According to HRANA, the news agency of Human Rights Activists, Bita Haghani Nasimi, arrested at protests, was sentenced to 18 years in prison. According to this verdict, Haghani has been acquitted of “spreading corruption on earth.” However, she received 18 years for other counts. Since the outbreak of nationwide protests, about 19400 people, including journalists, lawyers, teachers, students and civil rights activists, have been arrested. For more details and statistics on the nationwide protest across Iran, read HRANA’s comprehensive report here.
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CLIMATE AND BIODIVERSITY CRISES UPDATES
GLOBAL HEALTH NEWS
COVID-19 UPDATES
SPOTLIGHT ON HUMAN RIGHTS
SPOTLIGHT ON INDIGENOUS WELLNESS
SPOTLIGHT ON POLICY
SPOTLIGHT ON MEDIA
SPOTLIGHT ON EDUCATION
FIRST FEBRUARY READING - NEW BOOK
QUOTE OF THE WEEK on mass murder as an act of assimilation
FYI 1
FYI 2
UPCOMING EVENTS - NEWLY ADDED
ENDSHOTS of "COLD LAKE ONTARIO"
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CLIMATE & BIODIVERSITY CRISES UPDATES |
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Oceans Were The Hottest Ever Recorded In 2022, Analysis Shows |
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Credit: Kerem Yücel/AFP/Getty Images
The world’s oceans were the hottest ever recorded in 2022, demonstrating the profound and pervasive changes that human-caused emissions have made to the planet’s climate.
More than 90% of the excess heat trapped by greenhouse gas emissions is absorbed in the oceans. The records, starting in 1958, show an inexorable rise in ocean temperature, with an acceleration in warming after 1990.
Sea surface temperatures are a major influence on the world’s weather. Hotter oceans help supercharge extreme weather, leading to more intense hurricanes and typhoons and more moisture in the air, which brings more intense rains and flooding. Warmer water also expands, pushing up sea levels and endangering coastal cities.
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What Really Happens When Emissions Vanish |
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Credit: Article
(Companies say they’ve made climate progress. But the science says otherwise. Here’s how creative math has fueled corporate claims.)
Many of the world’s largest companies are declaring breakneck progress in the fight against climate change. While their environmental handiwork shows up on paper, these gains often fail to materialize in the atmosphere.
Procter & Gamble Co. vowed to cut its heat-trapping emissions in half by 2030, before announcing it had surpassed its target a decade early. Cisco Systems Inc. recently said it had exceeded a goal to reduce its climate pollution by 60% over 15 years. Continental AG, the German tire and auto parts juggernaut, claimed it had slashed greenhouse gases by an astounding 70% in 2020.
These appear to be exactly the kind of giant leaps needed to forestall the most destructive impacts of climate change. But a substantially different picture emerges when using a different accounting method that more accurately measures the pollution from a company’s operations. Procter & Gamble more realistically cut its emissions by 12%, Continental’s pollution fell a more pedestrian 8%, and Cisco’s actually climbed 22%.
In the cases of each of these companies—along with similar claims made by hundreds of others—they’re relying on a common, but controversial, form of climate bookkeeping known as “market-based accounting.” This allows businesses to buy credits from clean energy providers to say they’re running on green power when they actually aren’t, wiping from their ledgers vast quantities of pollution caused by the electricity powering their offices, data centers, and factories.
In the broadest investigation yet into how companies are using this accounting technique to dramatically exaggerate their emissions reductions, Bloomberg Green analyzed almost 6,000 climate reports filed by corporations last year. The reports were submitted voluntarily to CDP, a nonprofit that runs a global environmental disclosure system. At least 1,318 companies employed market-based accounting to erase a combined 112 million metric tons of emissions from their records. That’s equivalent to the annual pollution from 24 million cars.
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Environment Risks Dominate In "Polycrisis" World - WEF Survey |
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A house is flooded with sea water as rising sea levels are destroying homes built on the shoreline and forcing villagers to relocate, in El Bosque, Mexico November 7, 2022. Credit: REUTERS/Gustavo Graf/File Photo
Failure to tackle climate change and environmental degradation dominate the ranking of top risks facing the planet in the next decade, a World Economic Forum (WEF) survey of global risk specialists found.
Moreover, current-day challenges including the rising cost of living, persistent energy and food supply crunches and heavy national debts threaten to thwart the collective will and cooperation needed to address such problems, they concluded.
"The interplay between climate change impacts, biodiversity loss, food security and natural resource consumption is a dangerous cocktail," said John Scott, Head of Sustainability Risk at Zurich Insurance Group, which partnered on the report with risk strategy group Marsh McLennan.
Based on responses from 1,200 private-sector risk managers, public policy-makers, academics and industry leaders across the world, the report shows how current cost-of-living concerns are replaced by environment-linked risk as the decade progresses.
Failure to mitigate and adapt to climate change; natural disasters; biodiversity loss; natural resource loss and large-scale environmental damage dominate the top-10 ranking of global risks deemed most severe over a 10-year period.
The conclusions of the report, prepared ahead of the annual WEF talks in the Swiss resort of Davos due next week, come after a year in which many commitments to act on climate change have been set aside in the energy crunch following the Ukraine war.
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What Is ‘Nature Rinsing?’ Everything To Know About This Dangerous, Hard-To-Spot Tactic |
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Example of nature rinsing. Credit: Grist
Nature rinsing is a form of greenwashing — a tactic widely used by oil, gas, auto, and airline companies, among other industries, used to misrepresent decarbonization commitments.
It uses beautiful and pristine nature images to imply a company is focused on environmental commitments or that a product is made from unadulterated or minimally processed natural ingredients.
According to findings in a report commissioned by Greenpeace Netherlands and the Algorithmic Transparency Institute (ATI), 72% of oil and gas, 60% of auto, and 60% of airline companies use greenwashing on social media, painting a “Green Innovation” narrative sheen for their followers.
The study, led by Geoffrey Supran, a research associate in the history of science department at Harvard, looked at nearly 34,000 social media posts from 22 different fossil fuel companies.
Supran’s team found that 97% of posts from airlines, 64% of posts from automakers, and 56% of posts from oil companies featured nature-themed images.
For companies that aren’t inherently “green,” — those fossil fuel giants, for example — nature rinsing helps soften their image. It can make eco commitments look bigger than they really are, such as a small investment into renewable energy or supporting a nonprofit.
“Since the late 1980s, fossil fuel interests (including coal, oil, gas, utility, and car companies) and libertarian businessmen abetted by public relations firms have collectively waged a multi-decade, multi-billion dollar campaign of lobbying, disinformation, and propaganda to sabotage science, confuse the public, and undermine climate and clean energy policies,” reads the ATI report.
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MORE CLIMATE CRISIS RELATED NEWS |
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Why Dying Vultures Mean Dying Humans, And Why We Shouldn’t Mess With Ecosystems |
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After the vulture population collapsed, India found itself missing a key part of its ecosystem. Credit: Pablo Jeffs Munizaga/Getty
Remember in secondary school biology, when you learned about ecosystems? You might remember drawing diagrams of the “food web”, where each species either preys upon, or is preyed upon, another species; if you remove one (say, foxes), you might get too many of another (say, rabbits), which has further knock-on effects all around the system (say, more grass than usual, and an increase in insects).
New research has given us a perfect example of a keystone species – and the story is a pretty macabre one.
The species in question is the vulture (or, to be exact, three different species of vulture), and the ecosystem is India. There used to be millions of vultures in India, but wildlife surveys showed that their populations collapsed during the mid-90s – to the point that there are just tens of thousands left nowadays, and all three types are critically endangered.
Vultures serve a useful—though grisly—purpose: they eat the bodies of dead livestock. And they eat them fast: they can completely strip a cow carcass in less than an hour, leaving very little rotten carrion behind.
That’s particularly helpful in a country where there’s no easy access to incinerators to hygienically dispose of corpses, and where dead livestock either lie around in their fields or are dumped into rivers.
That first option is bad because it attracts wild dogs and rats—often rabid in India—and increases their numbers since they have more food. The second option is bad for obvious, water-poisoning reasons.
You can see how the vultures are a keystone species: remove them, and you create big, negative consequences for humans: more risk of rabies from dogs and rats, and more polluted water. In other words, remove the vultures, and more humans will die.
Or at least, that’s the story. What’s the evidence? To see that, we have to understand why the vulture population declined so much. It’s to do with a painkiller called diclofenac.
It turns out that vultures who eat even a tiny amount of diclofenac rapidly get kidney failure and die. And it also turns out that farmers in India started giving diclofenac to their livestock in the mid-90s.
Putting two and two together isn’t quite enough: we have to properly test this hypothesis. A new study from this month—still a “working paper”, so not yet peer-reviewed—used a clever method to do just that.
They noticed that the main reason for farmers starting to use more diclofenac was that the drug company’s patent ran out, and it became generic, and thus much cheaper.
In their analysis, they showed that the human death rate crept up just after the diclofenac patent ran out – but only in areas where there were a lot of vultures, and a lot of livestock. Indeed, they found that, in the most vulture-friendly areas, there could have been more than 100,000 additional human deaths per year after the birds began to die out.
They looked into other datasets from India to find that rabies vaccine sales and feral dog populations both increased at the same time as the vulture population dwindled, while water quality declined.
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Landmark Decision On Mega Poultry Farm Could Mean ‘Life Or Death’ Of River Wye |
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An underwater shot of algae in the River Wye in Wales. Harmful algal blooms have been linked to pollution from poultry manure. Credit: Alexander Turner/The Guardian
The Welsh government is under pressure to block a new mega chicken farm in the Wye catchment, in what campaigners call a “crucial moment in the life or death of the Wye”.
The River Wye has become synonymous with the intensive poultry industry, with more than 20 million chickens in its catchment area, producing more manure than the land can absorb and turning the river the colour of “pea soup”.
A scientific study led by Lancaster University recommends an 80% reduction in poultry manure in the Wye catchment to protect the river, calling for a cut in the overall number of birds and the exporting of manure out of the area.
However, Powys county council is still approving intensive poultry units in the catchment. Last year, Fish Legal challenged a decision by Powys to approve a unit at Wern Haelog near Builth Wells, housing 90,000 chickens, but lost the case.
Last week, the Welsh government sent a holding direction to Powys county council to prevent it approving a new industrial poultry unit, also near Builth Wells, which would house 100,000 chickens at any one time. Welsh ministers will now decide whether to ‘call in’ the application, and rule on the chicken farm at government level.
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SARS-CoV-2 & COVID-19 UPDATES |
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The pandemic surely continues. However, information about Covid-19's presence in our communities and outcomes is increasingly hard to find, and many erroneously feel it's over. In Canada, though, it does seem over, but Covid is still a life threatening disease associated with many complications and it's still infecting and killing many. The death rate is still about double that of flu pre-Covid ,assuming the highest range figure for flu. Collective action, data reporting and leadership have all but disappeared.
Over the last week, reported cases are way up by about 300% to 850,000/day; deaths are down (likely because of far fewer in China) but still high at about 2000/day; and vaccinations are up by almost double to 10 million/day.
Vaccination, despite ongoing concerns about waning immunity and much misinformation, along with other proven public health measures, remain the best ways to keep yourself and others safe from serious consequences. Get all the shots/boosters you can, and practise other public health measures (like masking) especially indoors with crowds, and especially if you're a high risk individual.
See below for more global stats and current hotspots:
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Note fewer high risk areas, the best sign in ages. |
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"It is the plague in seemingly all sincerity." Bob Woodward |
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The Rise of Fringe Science, Contrarian Doctors & The Threat to Public Health |
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Credit: Ascannio/Alamy
Even an institution as august as BBC News is not immune to lapses in judgement. Aseem Malhotra’s appearance last week is a resounding example. Ostensibly there to speak about statins, the cardiologist hijacked the interview, propagating myths about COVID vaccines to a profoundly unprepared host. His appearance drew the ire of scientists and physicians for amplifying dangerous fictions.
Antivaccine activists were predictably invigorated, boasting of “going mainstream” with the video acquiring tens of millions of views, boosted by figures like former entertainer Russell Brand. Yet Malhotra’s turn was unsurprising to public health experts, who’ve noted his transformation to a leading UK vector of antivaccine disinformation.
Following a deluge of complaints, the BBC quite rightly apologised for the textbook false balance antithetical to their charter. But the interview fiasco, for all its harms, is a microcosm of a far greater problem – the rise and rise of dubious expertise. Malhotra exemplifies an unedifying trend during the pandemic: the fringe scientist, commanding huge audiences and, in some other cases, substantial profits.
Malhotra’s pivot to antivaccine activism is hardly unique. Throughout the pandemic, fringe scientists and doctors have dominated public conversations, using their credentials to bolster outright falsehoods – and this has left us more divided, and less informed.
Since the very outset of the pandemic, a small but vocal minority of qualified doctors and scientists have embraced conspiracy theories about the pandemic, and its treatment – or propagate unhelpful alarmism. And with doctors and scientists among the most trusted members of society, this has allowed unethical and inept individuals in their ranks to leech vampirically off the legitimacy of science.
This has been evident from the dawn of COVID-19, where bizarre but highly adopted conspiracy theories that 5G caused COVID-19, and that COVID-19 was deliberately engineered, went viral after their repetition in videos by a former physician and scientist respectively. That these canards were utterly devoid of anything remotely resembling evidence was eclipsed by the fact that seemingly qualified individuals were spreading them.
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ADDITIONAL COVID-19 RELATED NEWS |
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SPOTLIGHT ON HUMAN RIGHTS |
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UN Calls For Probe Into Killing Of Two Honduran Environmentalists |
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Credit: Twitter
United Nations special rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders, Mary Lawlor, has called for an independent investigation into the killing of two environmental activists in Honduras, days after they were shot dead.
On January 12, Aly Dominguez, 38, and Jairo Bonilla, 28, from the village of Guapinol in Honduras’s eastern Colon Department were killed by unidentified men. Local police attributed the deaths to a robbery.
“It’s vital that an independent investigation is carried out into the killing of the two defenders in Guapinol, Honduras,” Lawlor said on Twitter on Wednesday. “Which must take into account the possibility that they have been retaliated against for their work defending human rights,” she added. No money had been stolen from them.
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ADDITIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS NEWS |
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SPOTLIGHT ON INDIGENOUS WELLNESS |
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Indigenous Forests Are Some Of The Amazon’s Last Carbon Sinks |
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A ferry travels through the Amazon forest from Macapa to Belem, Brazil. Forests managed by Brazil's Indigenous communities sequester vast amounts of carbon, playing a critical role in curbing climate change. Credit: otorongo/Shutterstock
Forests around the world play a major role in curbing or contributing to climate change. Standing, healthy forests sequester more atmospheric carbon than they emit and act as a carbon sink; degraded and deforested areas release stored carbon and are a carbon source.
Forests are a net carbon sink globally, but there’s huge variation locally. Our analysis finds that forests managed by Indigenous people in the Amazon were strong net carbon sinks from 2001-2021, collectively removing a net 340 million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere each year, equivalent to the U.K.’s annual fossil fuel emissions.
Meanwhile, forests outside of the Amazon’s Indigenous lands were collectively a carbon source, due to significant forest loss. The research underscores the need to help Indigenous people and other local communities safeguard their forest homes and preserve some of the Amazon’s remaining carbon sinks.
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Sonia Guajajara: Turnaround From Jail Threats To Becoming Brazil's Minister Of Indigenous Peoples |
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- In this video interview a week before her official inauguration, Sonia Guajajara tells Mongabay what the four years of former President Jair Bolsonaro’s government meant for Native peoples, and she describes the turnaround preceding the creation of a Ministry of Indigenous Peoples — an unprecedented act in Brazil’s history — with a behind-the-scenes account of her appointment.
- “It was really [like a] hell. Everything we talked about was monitored,” she recalls the Bolsonaro government while speaking at her office in the newly created Ministry of Indigenous Peoples in Brasília.
- She says she never imaged herself a minister but she took the position due to the need for Indigenous peoples to participate directly in the country’s public decision-making powers, which she says she believes will also help end prejudice against Native peoples.
- After four years of consistent dismantling of Indigenous policies, she says a task force is working on the main “urgencies and emergencies,” including the Yanomami Indigenous Territory, in northern Roraima state, where a public health emergency was declared Jan. 22 given high levels of death due to malnutrition and diseases, including malaria, as a consequence of 20,000 illegal miners in the area.
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Jerome Powell Says It's 'Inappropriate' For Federal Reserve To Promote Climate Action |
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Credit: Federal Reserve
Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell on Tuesday said it would be “inappropriate” for his agency to use its powers to further advance climate goals, including facilitating the transition to a green economy.
Powell said the Fed should “stick to our knitting” and avoid taking on social issues that could undermine its independence. “We are not and we will not be a climate policymaker,” Powell told a panel titled “Central Bank Independence and the Mandate — Evolving Views” held in Stockholm.
Powell said fighting climate change requires action that would have far-reaching consequences from individual companies to entire countries and the responsibility for actions on this topic should lie with elected representatives.
He added, though, that the Fed indeed “does have narrow, but important, responsibilities regarding climate-related financial risks.” “The public reasonably expects supervisors to require that banks understand, and appropriately manage their material risks, including the financial risks of climate change,” he said.
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Abandoned Mines Can Store Enough Electricity To Power The Planet, Scientists Claim |
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Credit: IIASA
Abandoned underground mines could be repurposed to store vast amounts of energy using gravity batteries, according to an international team of researchers.
A study led by the Austrian International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) found that decommissioned mines offered a cost-effective and long-term solution for storing energy as the world transitions to renewable solutions. The scientists estimate that using gravity battery technology within mines has an estimated global energy storage potential of up to 70TWh – roughly the equivalent of global daily electricity consumption.
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Canvax Webinars On Immunization |
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For sold science and practice based information join Canvax for its webinar series as they explore current and emerging topics in immunization from vaccine safety to strategies and initiatives to improve vaccine acceptance and uptake.
If you have suggestions for topics you’d like to learn more about, share them with Canvax by using its Contact UsOpens in a new window page.
Register for and watch Canvax webinars:
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FIRST FEBRUARY READING - NEW BOOK |
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Crime Author Peter May Came Out Of Retirement To Write Book Based On Climate Disaster After COP26 |
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Credit: Book Cover
The bestselling author, who has sold more than 12 million books, became so angry over the failure of COP26 that he started writing a futuristic thriller set in a Scotland ravaged by environmental disaster.
Peter May, 71, who has written the acclaimed Lewis Trilogy, The Blackhouse, The Lewis Man and The Chessmen, said: "The more I learned, the more alarmed I became. I realized it was something I needed to write about.
"But I'm a crime thriller writer. I didn't want to preach to my readers or bombard them with endless figures and scary predictions, so I decided to pick up my pen again and write a classic thriller in my home country but set 30 years from now in a world transformed by a changing climate.
"I never intended to write this book. As far as I was concerned, I had finished with writing. I had turned down several contracts from my publisher.
"I had hit the 70 mark, wanted to do my music, read for pleasure instead of research and spend time at our apartment on the Cote d'Azurt then COP26 happened.
"I watched and read everything about the climate conference in Glasgow with a growing sense of horror and concern.
"My disbelief turned to anger as governments from around the world caved to commercial interests and failed to set the required targets to avoid the unthinkable. Our current crop of politicians sold out the future of our children and grandchildren for profit today.
Horrified, Peter hopes the book A Winter Grave will act as a wake-up call for readers around the world. Set in 2051, half of Glasgow is submerged in water as other countries around the world have been wiped out. It follows veteran detective Cameron Brodie as he probes the death of an investigative reporter whose body is found entombed in ice on a mountain-top near the Highland village of Kinlochleven.
Torn by a broken marriage and faced with a devastating medical prognosis, Brodie must lay to rest ghosts of his past as well as a killer determined to bury forever the chilling secret that the investigation threatened to expose.
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A woman pays her respects at a memorial for 11 people who died in a mass shooting at the Star Ballroom Dance Studio last month in Monterey Park, California. Credit: Genaro Molina / Los Angeles Times
"Mass murder may be the fullest act of assimilation possible into a culture that has proudly chosen as its colors the red of innocent blood, the white of panicked eyes and the hazy blue of semiautomatic smoke."
Jeff Yang, Writer
Read more at New York Times: A Terrifying Sign of Assimilation
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Animated Chart: Remittance Flows And GDP Impact By Country |
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Credit: Visual Capitalist
The COVID-19 pandemic slowed down the flow of global immigration by 27%. Alongside it, travel restrictions, job losses and mounting health concerns meant that many migrant workers couldn’t send money in the form of remittances back to families in their home countries. This flow of remittances received by countries dropped by 1.5% to $711 billion globally in 2020. But over the next two years, things quickly turned back around.
As visa approvals restarted and international borders opened, so did international migration and global remittance flows. In 2021, total global remittances were estimated at $781 billion and have further risen to $794 billion in 2022.
In these images, Richie Lionell uses the World Bank’s KNOMAD data to visualize this increasing flow of money across international borders in 176 countries.
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Climate Graphic Of The Week |
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2023 UN Climate Summit Host Progress ‘Insufficient’, Science Group Says |
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Credit: Article
The greenhouse gas emissions of the United Arab Emirates rank among the highest globally on a per capita basis, an uncomfortable metric for the petrostate striving to be a green leader as host of the UN COP28 climate summit later this year. Middle Eastern oil and gas producing nations, including Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, the UAE and Saudi Arabia, have among the highest carbon emissions per capita globally, surpassing other big emitters including the U.S., China and Russia, according to the Oxford-based research group Our World In Data.
In absolute terms, China and U.S. are the world’s largest greenhouse gas emitters on an annual basis, while the U.S. is the largest historical polluter. All countries are being challenged to meet the globally agreed Paris Agreement aim of limiting warming well below 2C, and ideally 1.5C.
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A WALK ALONGSIDE COLD LAKE ONTARIO |
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Coronation Park, Oakville, Ontario |
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Photo Credits: David Zakus |
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THANKS FOR READING THE FREE
PLANETARY HEALTH WEEKLY
Current News on Ecological Wellness and Global Health
To Subscribe and access Archives of all Past Issues & Yearly Indexes GO TO: planetaryhealthweekly.com
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